How is data typically encoded for transmission over networks?

Data is typically encoded for transmission over networks in packets. Packet switching is a fundamental technology used in most modern network communications, including the Internet. In this method, data is broken down into smaller, manageable units known as packets before being sent across the network.

Each packet contains not only the payload (the actual data being transmitted) but also metadata, such as the source and destination addresses, which helps ensure that the packets are routed correctly and can be reassembled in the correct order at the destination. This encapsulation is key to efficient data transmission, as it allows for error checking, prioritization, and splitting large datasets.

This method contrasts with other encoding techniques, such as frames, streams, or segments. Frames are specific to link-layer protocols and deal with data transmission on a local network, while streams usually refer to continuous flow data, often found in real-time applications but not a primary encoding method for discrete packets. Segments refer to a specific layer of the TCP model, mainly concerned with breaking down large messages for transport but still relies on packets for transmission over the internet.