What does 'network latency' refer to?

Network latency specifically refers to the time delay experienced during data transmission across a network. It is a critical metric in network performance because it affects how quickly data can be sent and received between devices or endpoints. High latency can lead to slower response times and negatively impact activities that require real-time communication, such as online gaming, video conferencing, and VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) services.

The concept of latency encompasses the total time taken from the moment a data packet is sent from the source until it is received by the destination. Factors that contribute to latency include the physical distance between devices, congestion within the network, the processing speed of intermediate devices, and the type of connections used (fiber, copper, wireless, etc.). Understanding latency is essential for optimizing network performance and ensuring a satisfactory user experience.

The other options pertain to different aspects of networking, such as data volume, device capacity, and physical distance, but do not accurately define latency.